什么时候用副词?什么时候用形容词?什么时候用比较级?

什么时候用副词?什么时候用形容词?什么时候用比较级?
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形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征.通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面.
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语.例如：hot 热的.
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词.这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰.大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类.例如：afraid 害怕的.
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
这类词还有： well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等.
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边.但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如：
something nice
1.“as+adj/adv+as或not so(as)+adj/adv+as.”句型.该句型常用来描述两个比较对象的程度上的相似或不同(即平时说的“等级比较和不等级比较”).例如：
My computer is not so(as) expensive as yours.我的电脑不如你的贵重.
2.“as many/few+可数名词复数+as”或“as much/little(少的)+不可数名词+as”.前者描述数目上的接近,后者描述量的相近.例如：
You may borrow as many books as you can.你能借多少书就借多少.
“Drink as much water as you can.”the doctor said to him.医生对他说到：“你要尽可能的多喝些水.”
3.“主语+比较级+than any other…”结构表示：主语所描述的事物比其他任何一个都……比较级形式表示最高级含义.例如：
Li Ming is much cleverer than any other student in their class.李明是他们班中最聪明的学生.
注意：若比较范围不同,than后应用“any+可数名词的复数形式+其他”.例如：
China is larger that any countries in Africa.中国比非洲上的任何国家都大.
4.诸如not,never之类的否定词与形容词或副词的比较级连用,表示最高级含义.意为：再没有比…更…的了.例如：
It is not a better idea.这是再好不过的一个办法了.
I have never heard such an interesting story.我从来没有听过比这更有趣的故事了.
5.“形容词+to”结构也可表示比较含义.例如：
This kind of car is superior in quality to that.这种汽车的质量比那一种好得多(superior to意为：优于；胜过.)
Li ping is three years senior to Liu Gang.李平比刘刚大三岁.(senior to意为：年长于；资格老于；地位高于.)
6.“no+比较级+than”结构表示对两个比较对象都进行否定(可由neither…nor…结构来改写).例如：
I’m no more foolish than you.我们俩都不傻.(相当于Neither I nor you is foolish.)
7.“not more+比较级+than”结构表示在程度上前者不如后者.例如：
This book is not more interesting than that one.这本书不如那本书有趣.(相当于The book is less interesting than that one.)
8.“形容词比较级+than+形容词”,意为：与其…倒不如….例如：
Jack is much harder than clever.与其说杰克聪明,倒不如说他学习用功.
9.would rather…than, prefer…to…, prefer to do…rather than…这三个句型表示“宁愿…而不愿…；喜欢…胜过…；宁愿做…而不愿做…”含义.虽无比较级形式,但表示比较级含义.例如：
She would rather die than give in.她宁死不屈.
He preferred to go out rather than stay home.他宁愿出去也不愿呆在家里.
10.“The+比较级…,the+比较级…”.该结构意为“越…,越…”.例如：
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them.问题越难,他回答出来的可能性就越小.
11.what有时也可以表示“比较”关系,说明两种事物的相同或相似性.what的该种用法常用于书面语,用来加强修辞效果,含有比喻含义,相当于as,意为“好比…；正如…；就像…一样”.what的该类用法共有3种情况：
(1)A is to B what C is to D
Twelve is two what twenty-four is to four.十二比二就等于二十四比四.
(2)what C is to D, A is to B
What food is to the body, a book is to the mind.书籍对于思想犹如食物对于身体.
(3)what C is to D, that A is to B
What the gun is to a soldier, that the pen is to a writer.作家的笔犹如战士的枪.
[巩固练习]请选出符合题意的最佳选项.
1.How beautiful she sings! I have never heard____.(NMET96)
A.the better voice B. a good voice C. the better voice D. a better voice
2.----Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will you?
-----I couldn’t agree ______.The idea is great to me.(2000年北京、安徽、内蒙古春季高考题)
A.much B. more C. worse D. at all
3.The____you study, the _____you’ll be in it.(MET90)
A.hard; interested B. harder; interesting C. harder; more interested D. hardest; more interested
4.As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you lean,____(2002上海)
A. the more for life are you equipped
B.the more equipped for life you are
C.the more life you are equipped for
D.you are equipped the more for life
5.The patient isn’t out of danger. He is _____ than he was yesterday.(96上海题)
A.no better B. worst C. not worse D. not more
6.Liu Fang studies much better than ____ student in his class.
A.any B. any other C. the other D. other
7.This year the farmers have produced twice __ grain___ they did last year.(NMET95)
A.As less; as B. fewer; than C. as much; as D. as many; as
8.In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the farther we go, ____(2001上海)
A.our holiday will be better B. our holiday will be better C. the better our holiday will be D. the better will our holiday be
9.---Are you satisfied with his answer?
---Not at all. It couldn’t have been___.
A.Any better B. worse C. as good D. bad
10. Is the novel similar ___ you?
A.for B. at C. as D. to
11. Rather than ___ to see the film he would prefer ____ stayed at home.
A.go; to B. to go C. went; to D. would go
12.---What was his performance like?
---Oh, it couldn’t have been_____(96上海题)
A.much wonderful B. more wonderful C. less wonderful D. the most wonderful
13. John plays football____, if not better than David.(NMET94)
A.as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
14. Reading is ____ him is ____to his life.
A.for; what B. as; like C. to; what D. at; as
15. This room is ____ much larger than that one.
A.no B. not a C. no a D. as
KEY:
1.D 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.D 11. A 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.A
副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前.
2） 在be动词、助动词之后.
3） 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2） 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
一定要和形容词结合才能分清副词的用法:
形容词和副词形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级.形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样,它们的形式与单音节、双音节和多音节有关,当然还有其特殊形式.形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式.但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法.对以下要点大家须一一掌握.
第一节 形容词比较级和最高级的形式
一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下
构 成 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级
① 一般单音节词末尾加er 和 est strong stronger strongest
② 单音节词如果以e结尾,只加r 和st strange stranger strangest
③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,
须先双写这个辅音字母,再加er和est sad
big
hot sadder
bigger
hotter saddest
biggest
hottest
④ 少数以y,er(或ure),ow,ble结尾的双音节词,
末尾加er和est(以y结尾的词,如y前是辅音字母,
把y变成i,再加er和est,以e结尾的词仍
只加r和st) angry
clever
narrow
noble angrier
cleverer
narrower
nobler angrest
cleverest
narrowest
noblest
⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more
different most
different
1) The most high 〔A〕 mountain in 〔B〕 the world is Mount Everest, which is situated 〔C〕 in Nepal and is
twentynine thousand one hundred and fourty one feet high 〔D〕 .
2) This house is spaciouser 〔A〕 than that 〔B〕 white 〔C〕 one I bought in Rapid City, South Dakota 〔D〕 last year.
3) Research in the social 〔A〕 sciences often proves difficulter 〔B〕 than similar 〔C〕 work in the physical 〔D〕 sciences.
二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式：
1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most
只能说 more beautiful而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest.
但是,以形容前缀un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,如unhappy,untidy,我们可以说：unhappier→unhappiest, untidier→untidiest
2. 由ING分词和ED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级
more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等.
4) The drawings 〔A〕 of the old masters 〔B〕 are among the treasuredest 〔C〕 works in museums 〔D〕 .
3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式
absolute fatal main right universal
chief final naked simulta- utter
entire foremost perfect neous vital
eternal inevitable possible sufficient whole
excellent infinite primary supreme wooden
三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式
good
well better best
bad
ill worse worst
many
much more most
little
few less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
5) African elephants are larger, fiercer, and difficulter 〔A〕 to tame 〔B〕 than 〔C〕 Asian elephants 〔D〕 .
6) Sarah Hale became 〔A〕 one of the famousest 〔B〕 magazine 〔C〕 editors in the United States during 〔D〕 the 1800’s.
7) Of all 〔A〕 the Native American tribes 〔B〕 , the Shawnee Indians were 〔C〕 a most 〔D〕 transient.
四、例题解析
1) A错.应将“most high”改为highest.这是在考形容词比较级的构成形式.
2) A错.改为more spacious.
3) B错. 改为more difficult.
4) C错. treasured 在本句中是ED分词(动词treasure ＋ed)作形容词使用,是“宝贵的、珍贵的”意思,修饰名词 works(作品),其最高级形式应用 the most treasured.
5) A错,改为more difficult.
6) B错.改为“the most famous”,因为famous(著名的)是双音节,其最高级变化应在前面加“the most”.
7) D错.应改为“the most”,因为此处表示的是最高级,“the most transient”意为“(延续时间)最短暂的”.
第二节 副词比较级和最高级的形式
副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样
一般 副词
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
early→earlier →earliest
特殊 副词
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或est,如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly
〔注〕： early中的ly不是后缀,故可以把y变i再加er和est
第三节 形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法
一、原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“as＋形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)＋as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较；其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) ＋形容词或副词＋as”,而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
〔A〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔B〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔C〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔D〕 fifteenminute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while 〔A〕 not quite as curious than 〔B〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence 〔C〕 and memory retention(记忆力) in solving 〔D〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔A〕 as larger 〔B〕 as 〔C〕 the next largest 〔D〕 state, Texas.
2. “as (so)＋名词＋as＋名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔A〕 such
〔B〕 more
〔C〕 as
〔D〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题)
〔A〕 that
〔B〕 so
〔C〕 this
〔D〕 as
二、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级＋than＋…,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”.连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、ING结构和ED结构,有时也可省去than.
6) Natural mica(云母) of 〔A〕 a superior 〔B〕 quality is cheapest 〔C〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔D〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔A〕 any other girl in the group
〔B〕 any girl in the group
〔C〕 all girls in the group
〔D〕 you and me as well as the group
8) Josephine McCrackin joined 〔A〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late 〔B〕 , remained 〔C〕 active in journalistic 〔D〕 work.
2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
〔A〕 ours
〔B〕 with us
〔C〕 for ours it had
〔D〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔A〕 faster through water than through 〔B〕 faster than through water and
〔C〕 through water faster and〔D〕 where it is faster through water than through
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed 〔A〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔B〕 his paintings 〔C〕 are sometimes confused with his master 〔D〕 .
三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
12) The more 〔A〕 fearsome of all the 〔B〕 animals in 〔C〕 the Western 〔D〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔A〕 problems, inflation continues to be 〔B〕 a 〔C〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔D〕 people and business.
14) , the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
〔A〕 All the activities
〔B〕 The activities
〔C〕 Of all the activities
〔D〕 It is the activities
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案.
2) B错.改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较.
3) B错. 改为as large.
4) C对.动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致.
5) B为正确答案.
6) C错.应改为比较级cheaper.比较级后并不一定跟接连词than,有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰),介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开.
7) A为正确答案.“She”作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对),也不能跟全组所有相比,因为“她”也是其中一员,自然“她”不能跟自己相比.这里“She”比较的是“这组中的任何一个”,所以A对.
8) B错.应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级.
9) D为正确答案.
10) A为正确答案.
11) D错. 改为his master’s.
12) A错. 改为most.
13) C错.改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的“of all… ”.
14) C为正确答案.本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件；D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除.只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应.
第四节 形容词和副词的特殊表达法
一、形容词与副词的同级比较： 由“as(so)…as”引出,其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子
1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待.
2. as much：表示“与…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行.
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意把它买下的.
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了.
3. as many：表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错.
二、表示“几倍于”的比较级：用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大.(这个比那个大三倍.) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍. / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍.
1) The fiveyear deal obligates 〔A〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔B〕 of grain a year 〔C〕 , three million more as 〔D〕 the old pact’s minimum.
三、“the same ＋名词＋as”表示同等比较
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔A〕 in the same function 〔B〕 the same function as
〔C〕 the function is the same as 〔D〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔A〕 as the same value 〔B〕 the same value
〔C〕 value as the same 〔D〕 the value is the same
四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔A〕 more sophisticated than
〔B〕 much more sophisticated
〔C〕 much sophisticated
〔D〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.
〔A〕 clearest
〔B〕 the clearest
〔C〕 much clearer
〔D〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered 〔A〕 migratory, although 〔B〕 some do move 〔C〕 to more warmer 〔D〕 waters in winter.
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度,相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.