英语翻译P ressure ulcers occur in every setting where healthcare

英语翻译
P ressure ulcers occur in every setting where healthcare is delivered,but little is known about the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in terminally ill persons who receive home hospice care.The term “incidence” refers to all new cases of an index problem for the period of interest,and “prevalence” refers to all occurrences of a problem for a period of interest,including both preexisting and new cases.It is difficult to draw conclusions about pressure ulcer incidence from published reports because of variations in study methodology,characteristics of the healthcare setting where studies were conducted,and variations in case-mix.1 According to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP),reported pressure ulcer prevalence remained relatively stable over the past decade at 10 to 11% with an apparent increase to nearly 15% by the end of the decade.1 The Panel has called for rigorous studies to determine the “true” incidence of pressure ulcers and both development and study of evidence-based best practices.1 Since the publication of the NPUAP report,little new evidence has been reported in the literature.The NPUAP President,Dan Berlowitz,MD,MPH,stated in December 2004 that despite the attention to pressure ulcers in recent years,there is a deficiency in “good nationwide data on the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers.”2
Overview of Pressure Ulcers
Pressure ulcers are defined as localized areas of tissue destruction occurring when soft tissue is compressed over bony prominences for prolonged periods of time.3 Tissue destruction occurs when the compressed tissue is deprived of oxygen.Risk factors for development of pressure ulcers include immobility,incontinence,and nutritional deficits.Several assessment tools assist clinicians in identifying individuals who are at greater risk of developing pressure ulcers.
Pressure ulcers are painful and difficult and costly to treat.Prevention is clearly the best strategy in settings where it is possible.Published guidelines outlining prevention measures and management strategies are widely available.Pressure ulcer prevention relies on managing or eliminating risk factors,including diminished patient mobility,pressure to bony areas that compromises blood flow to areas of potential breakdown,shearing and friction that occur secondary to prolonged immobility,suboptimal nutritional status,and prolonged skin contact with moisture.While prevention strategies are achievable in some settings,the inevitable physical decline of the hospice patient,the frailty of many familial caregivers,and the potential incompatibility between patients’ comfort-focused goals and generally accepted pressure ulcer management guidelines may present significant challenges for clinicians attempting to reduce the occurrence of pressure ulcers in hospice settings.

压力溃疡发生在每个设置在保健交付,但知之甚少流行和发生的压力溃疡末期病患接受主善终.该词发生率是指所有新案件的指数问题期间的利息和流行是指所有发生的一个问题的一段时间的利益,包括正是和新的案件.很难作出结论压力溃疡发病率从公布的报告由於不同的研究方法、特色的医疗设置的研究,和不同的个案1根据国家压力溃疡咨询小组(npuap)报道说,压力溃疡流行仍然相对稳定在过去十年在10至11%,明显增加到近15%的1小组要求严谨的研究,以确定真正发生的压力溃疡和发展和研究基于证据的最佳1自从npuap的报告,小新的证据已报道的文学.总统的npuap,丹贝洛维茨、MD、英里,在2004,12月的注意,尽管压力溃疡在最近几年,有一个缺陷全国性的数据良好的流行和发生的压力溃疡.
概览2压力溃疡
压力溃疡的定义是局部的地区,破坏细胞发生在软组织是压缩在骨凸出的长期破坏细胞3发生时,被剥夺压缩细胞的氧气.风险因素对发展的压力溃疡包括固步自封,尿失禁,和营养赤字.几个评估工具协助医生在确定个人风险更大的发展压力溃疡.
压力溃疡的痛苦和困难和昂贵的治疗.预防是明确的最佳策略设置,它是可能的指引概述了预防措施和管理战略广泛使用.压力溃疡预防依靠管理或消除风险因素,包括减少病人调动,压力骨领域,血液流动妥协可能出现故障,剪和摩擦,发生中长期固步自封,营养状况欠佳,和长时间接触皮肤水分.同时,预防战略是可以实现的一些情况下,不可避免出版方针列出的预防措施和管理策略被广泛使用.褥疮预防依赖于管理或消除危险因素,包括减少病人的流动性,压力骨领域妥协的血液流量可能发生崩溃,剪切和摩擦领域发生的次要的长期不动,次优的营养状况,并长期与皮肤接触水分.虽然预防战略,在有些情况下实现的,不可避免的临终关怀病人体力下降,许多家庭照顾者的脆弱性,并与病人的舒适度的不兼容问题为中心的目标和普遍接受的压疮管理准则,可能会企图临床重大挑战减少褥疮的发生,在安宁环境.出版方针列出的预防措施和管理策略被广泛使用.褥疮预防依赖于管理或消除危险因素,包括减少病人的流动性,压力骨领域妥协的血液流量可能发生崩溃,剪切和摩擦领域发生的次要的长期不动,次优的营养状况,并长期与皮肤接触水分.虽然预防战略,在有些情况下实现的,不可避免的临终关怀病人体力下降,许多家庭照顾者的脆弱性,并与病人的舒适度的不兼容问题为中心的目标和普遍接受的压疮管理准则,可能会企图临床重大挑战减少褥疮的发生,在安宁环境.