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undersea mountains generally form when volcanic mountains ri

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undersea mountains generally form when volcanic mountains rise up from the seafloor but fail to reach the surface,while (those that) break the surface become islands.
这里that有什么意义?
定语从句that which一般情况可以省略吗?什么时候不能省略?
undersea mountains generally form when volcanic mountains ri
undersea mountains(主语) generally form(谓语)
when volcanic mountains rise up from the seafloor but fail to reach the surface时间状语
while (those《those 指代volcanic mountains 》 that break the surface become islands.与上面的句子是并列
that是从句的主语 连接break the surface作定语修饰those,也就是火山; 然而冲破海平面的火山就成为了岛.
如果关系代词 that 和which 在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略