谁有纺织英语第三版第三课课文翻译,

谁有纺织英语第三版第三课课文翻译,

1
Lesson One
Cotton Growing
Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber.Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and
its applicability to a wide variety of textile products.The price of cotton yarn,however,is strongly dependent upon the
cost of labor,so that in the industrialized nations,where labor is expensive,cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.
Until relatively recent times,however,cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen.This was because it was
easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length.In addition,cotton fibers have to be separated from
the
seeds
to
which
they
cling.
This
procedure
was
very
tedious
and
time-consuming
when
done
by
hand.
Early
machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton.So labor costs tended to be very high.
The invention of the saw-type cotton gin made possible the exploitation of the short staple fiber,which thrived
in the Carolinas and Virginia of the United States.The dramatic increase in productivity,coupled with the low cost of
labor in the southern United States,gave cotton a continually expanding portion of the world textile market.Increasing
mechanization of fiber and yarn production helped keep the cost of cotton goods low.The,development of the textile
machinery enlarged the
production
base.
Cotton cultivation requires warm climates with a high level of moisture or irrigation.The growing season is
from six to seven months long.During this period the seeds sprout and grow,producing a white blossom in about 100
days.The blossom produces a seed pod,which matures during the next two months.When the pod bursts,the cotton
fibers are ready for picking.
Before
yam
manufacture,
cotton
is
graded,
sorted,
and
blended
to
insure
uniform
yam
quality.
Cotton
is
graded on the basis of color,staple length,fineness,and freedom from foreign matter.In the United States,cottons are
divided
into
grades
according
to
length
of
staple,
uniformity,
strength,
color,
cleanness
and
flexibility.
These
are
compared with a standard supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture.The standard provides 6 grades
above and 6 grades below the Middling grade.The most common grades are:
(1) Strict good middling.
(2) Good middling.
(3) Strict middling.
(4) Middling.
(5) Strict low middling
(6) Low middling.
(7) Strict good ordinary.
The cotton fiber may be from 0.3 to 5.5 cm long.Under the microscope it appears as a ribbon like structure
that is twisted at irregular intervals along its length.The twists,called convolutions,increase the fiber-to-fiber friction
necessary
to
secure
a
strong
spun
yarn.
The
fiber
ranges
in
color
from
a
yellowish
to
pure
white,
and
may
be
very
lustrous.However,most cotton dull.
A cross-sectional view reveals that the fiber is kidney-shaped with central hollow core known as the lumen.
The lumen provides a channel for nutrients while the plant is growing.The fiber consists of an outer shell,or cuticle,
which surrounds the primary wall.The primary wall,in turn,covers the secondary wall surrounding the lumen.The
cuticle is a thin,hard shell which protects the fiber from bruising and damage during growth.In use as a textile fiber,
the cuticle provides abrasion resistance to cotton.
Lesson Two
Cotton Properties and Uses
A
relatively
high
level
of
moisture
absorption
and
good
wicking
properties
help
make
cotton
one
of
the
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